Unit 11 - Lesson 52 - Prepositions

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Do you want to tell someone where something is?
You need a preposition or two.

This is a chair	This is a lamp
Where is the lamp?	beside / next to
	The lamp is beside the chair. or The lamp is next to the chair.
Where is the chair?	in front of
	The chair is in front of the lamp.
Where is the lamp?	behind
	The lamp is behind the chair.
Where is the chair?	under / beneath / underneath
	The chair is under the lamp. or The chair is beneath the lamp. or The chair is underneath the lamp.
Where is the lamp?	on / on top of
	The lamp is on the chair. or The lamp is on top of the chair.

Naturally Speaking - English Dialogue

	Meet Frank and Nicole. Frank is always forgetting things. He is forgetful.
	"Nicole. Have you seen my keys? I thought I'd put them on top of my briefcase."
	"No. You left them behind the basket."
	"The basket above the coat rack?"
	"No. The one under the table."
	"The table in the bedroom, beside the bed?"
	"No! The dining room table, in front of the window."
	Why did I put them there?
	Good question!

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Lesson - 51 - Should / Shouldn't

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+ should +	- should not / shouldn't -
You should eat 5 portions of fruit and veg a day. It's really good for your health. (I think it is a good idea for you to do it.) "I think you should eat 5 portions of fruit and veg a day."	You shouldn't smoke. It's really bad for your health. ( I think it is a bad idea for you to do it.) "I don't think you should smoke."

	Positive Form + (should)	Negative Form - (should not or shouldn't)	Question Form ? (should / shouldn't)
Use "should" for giving advice or expressing an opinion.
	You should speak English every day.	You shouldn't try to translate words all the time.	Should I learn English or Spanish? Shouldn't you spend a bit more time practising your English?
Use "should have" to talk about things you regret you did or didn't do in the past.
	I should have worked harder at school when I was a child.	I really shouldn't have spent all my money on new clothes.	Shouldn't you have finished?
You can use "should have + past participle" to speculate about things that may or may not have happened.
	The plane should have landed by now.	She shouldn't have started cooking yet. Let's call her to tell her we'll be late.	Shouldn't the plane have landed by now?
You can use "should" for giving advice for the future or speculating on what might happen in the future
	They should win next week.	You shouldn't go to the party tonight. You have a test in the morning.	Should I go to the party tonight?

Listen
should	shouldn't

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Lesson 50 - The Simple Present Perfect Questions - "Have you ...?."

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Mr Bean - Has he ever been to ...?

	Question	Answer - Positive	Question	Answer - Negative
	Has Mr Bean ever been to America?	Yes. He's been to America.	Has he been to New York?	No. He's never been to New York.
	Has he ever been to Ireland?	Yes. He's been to Ireland.	Has he been to Dublin?	No. He hasn't been to Dublin.
	Has he ever been to Canada?	Yes. He's been to Canada.	Has he been to Montreal?	No. He hasn't been to Montreal.

What have I done today?

This morning the car was dirty.		It needed washing.
This morning the fridge was dirty.		It needed cleaning.
So, what have I done today?
Have I washed the car?		No. I haven't washed the car, yet. It's still dirty.
Have I cleaned the fridge?		Yes. Of course I've cleaned the fridge. It's nice and clean.

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Lesson 49 - The Simple Present Perfect Negative - "I haven't done."

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Mr Bean - Where hasn't he been?

	He has been to America, but he hasn't been to New York.	You can say "I haven't been to..." or "I've never been to..."
	He has been to Ireland, but he's never been to Dublin.
	He has been to Canada, but he hasn't been to Montreal.

Learn It

I am packing my suitcase.

Already and Yet

What have I packed?

Already is used to show that something has happened before the present time.

I have already packed my skirt, a jumper and some socks.

Yet is used in negative statements to mean something hasn't happened up to the present time.

What haven't I packed, yet?

I haven't packed my toothbrush and toothpaste, yet.

I haven't packed my hairbrush, yet.

I haven't packed my shoes, yet.

I haven't packed any underwear, yet.

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Lesson 48 - The Simple Present Perfect Positive - "I have done."

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The Present Perfect Simple - [HAS / HAVE] + [past participle]

We often use the Present Perfect Simple tense to talk about our life up to now, especially when we are interested in what happened, and not exactly when it happened. Think of it as unfinished time - you're not dead - your life isn't finished, so you use the present perfect tense to talk about it.

Forming the Present Perfect Tense

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Mr Bean - Where has he been?

	He has been to America.	Maybe he has been there once, or several times. You don't know and he's not going to tell you.
	He has been to Ireland
	He has been to Canada.

I'm your teacher. You know that I'm from England, and I'm living in Germany.

How long and since when?

	Since a point in time. For a length of time.	How long have I been in Germany?
		I have been in Germany since 1998.	It's 2006 and I have been in Germany for 8 years.

Where else have I been?

	Where have I been?	Maybe I have been there once, or several times. You don't know, but I can tell you. You add the number of times to the end of the sentence.	How many times have I been there?
	I have been to France.		I have been to France many times.
	I have been to Italy.		I have been to Italy twice.
	I have been to South Africa.		I have only been to South Africa once.

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We also use the Present Perfect Simple tense to talk about things that we have done, where you can see the result. Compare:-

They are doing ...		They have done ...
	She is shopping.		She has been shopping. The shopping is in her bags.
	Oh dear. He is unblocking the toilet.		Thank goodness. He has unblocked the toilet. It is flushing properly now.
	They are carrying a big, heavy sofa.		Oops! They have dropped it. One of them is squished.

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